If you have cast iron drain (waste) pipes they are likely joined with a lead & Oakum seal. Oakum is a hemp material coated in tar, it is placed into the joint to seal it (Oakum expands when it gets wet to seal the joint). The Oakum is held in place (and the pipe joint is given some strength) by casting a bead of lead about 1″ thick around the pipe inside the hub/socket. In this picture the cast iron pipe hub is on the left.

It is possible to remove the lead and oakum. After you have gotten all the lead out and cleaned up the hub, you can place a donut (also known as a compression joint seal) in the hub of the cast iron pipe to adapt it to PVC. (Note that donuts are only usable on non-pressurized pipes, such as waste/drain lines.)

I have manually cleaned out a lead & oakum cast iron joint. It sucks. My recommendation is to cut the pipe somewhere other than at the lead & oakum joint and then use a Flexible Coupling to join it to your PVC. Yes, this introduces discontinuities in the waste water flow, and gunk may collect and build up at these edges, possibly leading to plugged pipes in the future….but that is small price to pay for avoiding having to manually unseal a lead & Oakum joint. For the gory details of how to manually disconnect and clean out a lead & Oakum joint, read on…
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